You know, there is the formal language (mapped to english this
would be "oxford english") which is "deutsch" even in austria.
And then there are lots of regional dialects, more or less
understandable by regional foreigners. In vienna, for example
people tend to speak "wienerisch" or "weanarisch"(the same, but
expressed in wienerisch)
The local dialects are usually called like the inhabitants
of a region (for region "wien", the inhabitants are "wiener",
for "kaernten" they are "kaerntner") with an "-isch" appended.
(some exceptions exist: for some regions the -er is left out)
Whether one speaks a dialect, or the official language "deutsch"
is of course dependent on the Context. Within this group
for example we usually *write* in reagional jargons.
yes, but it's either "deutsch" or "die deutschE sprache"
only, if we want to point out the difference in certain words:
A few words in austria are different from the corresponding
word used in germany. In the context of this distinction,
we speak "oesterreichisch" as *opposed* (not synonymical) to
"deutsch".
No they aren't. where the term "Osterreichische Sprache" is used,
it is used to clearly distinguish.
yes
not primarily. we learn history of austrian people, but of course
we also learn about history of other european and non-european peoples,
too, including of course germans, and not just our own history.
NO.
Well, yes, they are neighbours, and we're surely not at war with them.
Nope, but I wouldn't use the word "brothers"("brueder") even
for those in neighbouring regions of austria.
Although it looks like you mainly wanted to inquire relations
between austria and germany and only indirectly about local
nomenclature, I hope your questions are answered to your satisfaction.
Greetings to berlin.
Andreas Leitgeb